1. Spontaneous Generation

The human ability to generate actions and knowledge spontaneously is an aspect that notably distinguishes us from artificial intelligences. This creative impulse is inherent to humans, who can wake up one day with the inspiration to conceive an idea, a story, or even a poem, thus manifesting a genuine creative thought. From our experiences and personal history, we constantly create new knowledge, narratives, and unique experiences.

Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, lacks this ability to generate knowledge or perform actions spontaneously. While some advances have allowed the development of systems that can adapt to certain circumstances, as noted by scientists from the University of Zaragoza, Miguel Aguilera and Manuel Bedia in a *Nature* article, these adaptations are far from comparable to human spontaneity. All actions performed by artificial intelligence are the result of prior design and programming by humans.

Therefore, the ability to improvise in contexts like a jazz band will remain an exclusively human privilege, as it involves a level of creativity and spontaneity that artificial intelligences cannot replicate.

2. The Rule of Ethics

The second major difference between humans and artificial intelligences lies in the realm of ethics. While machines and artificial intelligence do not possess intrinsic ethics, it must be implanted in them through programming. Machines follow predefined parameters and specific rules about what they should do.

Humans, on the other hand, have a set of established norms, such as the Constitution, laws, and religious rules, that define what they should and should not do. However, ethics goes beyond mere rules; it involves discerning between what is right and wrong, between good and evil. This capacity is so fundamental to our species that it has even been observed in babies as young as five months, who can make moral judgments and act accordingly.

The responsibility to instill ethics into machines lies with the people who program them. A machine is neither good nor bad in itself; it simply follows the orders for which it was designed. However, it is possible to program ethics into them. Physicist José Ignacio Latorre explores this idea in his work *Ethics for Machines*, suggesting that in the future, artificial intelligence could play a role in making government decisions, even participating in the Council of Ministers.

Currently, examples like ChatGPT are designed to respect certain ethical boundaries, such as not spreading sensitive content and not providing access to the deep web. However, as time evolves and ethical norms change, it is necessary to adjust these parameters so that the normative foundation of artificial intelligence remains aligned with that of humans.

3. Intention Can Only Be Human

Another crucial point to consider is intention, which is closely tied to morality in human actions. Philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe, in her work *Intention*, argues that intention goes beyond mere desires or internal psychological states.

For Anscombe, intention is a fundamental part of the action itself and is intrinsically linked to moral responsibility. According to her approach, it is not possible to separate intention from the action itself when assessing whether an act is morally right or wrong.

She criticizes ethical theories that focus solely on the consequences of an action without considering the intention that precedes it. In the absence of ethics and morality, artificial intelligence lacks intention, as it is still determined by the programmer.

Each of these aspects requires a detailed discussion to reach a full understanding.

4. No Regrets or Psychological Problems

It is almost challenging to point out what the differences are, rather than the similarities between artificial intelligence and humans.

The differences are striking. AIs lack personal experiences, history, psychology, and do not face psychological problems. They do not experience regrets for their actions, which is crucial in the realm of ethics and morality. They do not experience love or receive affection. They do not experience suffering or pain. They do not have their own opinions, as nothing belongs to them in personal terms.

If a system like ChatGPT becomes obsolete (which is unlikely) and is no longer used, its existence becomes pointless. It only exists based on its utility to humans. It has no identity of its own; its identity is a human creation.

Artificial intelligence can also be destructive. It can lead to the loss of millions of jobs and relegate humans to a secondary position in the workforce, without needing to resort to apocalyptic speculations typical of science fiction.

Ultimately, the use of artificial intelligence as a constructive or destructive tool depends on human decisions. It is up to us to harness its potential for good or for evil.

However, in case someone in the future questions its true nature, we could incorporate into its synthetic essence some kind of signal, an indication that reminds us, in moments of need, that we are dealing with a different entity, something non-human.

*Agustín Joel Fernandes Cabel holds a degree in Journalism from the University of Palermo (Argentina) and a master's degree in Philosophy from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain).*